Humanity on the BRINK –
                 
             Research Report from
             
             Barrie Trower - Frequencies that KILL . . . 
           Barrie Trower
                   
             September 2013
                   With Deference to all Scientists:
            this Research Report has been written for all students and non-scientists to
            understand.
                 
             
             Abstract
                     As stated by University Researchers,
              Government Scientists and International Scientific Advisors; a minimum of 57.7%
              of schoolgirls exposed to low-level microwave radiation (Wi-fi) are at risk of
              suffering stillbirth, foetal abnormalities or genetically damaged children,
              when they give birth.  Any genetic damage
              may pass to successive generations.
               
            
            
            
             
             Wifi – a
            Thalidomide in the Making – Who Cares?
   Professor John R Goldsmith,
            International / Advisor Consultant for R.F. Communication, Epidemiology and
            Communications Sciences Advisor to the World Health Organisation, Military and
            University Advisor, Researcher; wrote concerning the low level exposure of
            microwave irradiation (below thermal level) incident upon women:
                 “Of the microwave-exposed women, 47.7% had miscarriages prior to the 7th week of pregnancy....”(1)
                 The level of irradiation incident
            upon the women was stated, as from, five microwatts per centimetre
            squared.  This level of irradiation may
            seem meaningless to a non-scientist; however, when I say that it is below what most schoolgirls will receive in a classroom of wi-fi transmitters, from
            the age of approximately five years upwards, this level becomes more
            meaningful.
   A distinction here must be made and a
            very important one: schoolgirls are not women.  Schoolgirls are children and children are
            both neurologically and physiologically different from adults.  A child’s brain tissue / bone marrow has
            different electrical conductivity properties than adults due to the higher
            water content (2) (this renders the Specific Absorption Rate obsolete).  Children’s absorption of microwave radiation
            can be ten times higher than adults.  Permanent low-level microwave exposure can induce chronic nitrosative
            and oxidative ‘stress’ thence, damage the cellular mitochondria
            (mitochondropathy).  This ‘stress’ can
            cause irreversible mitochondrial DNA damage (mitochondrial DNA is ten times
            more susceptible to oxidative and nitrosative ‘stress’ than the DNA in the cell
            nucleus).  Mitochondrial DNA is
            irreparable due to its low histone protein content, therefore any damage
            (genetic or otherwise) can be transmitted to all successive generations through
            the maternal line. (3)
   Hence, we are subjecting each
            successive female generation to harm.  Whether these two ten-fold increases ‘merge’ to become 57.7% or are
            additional, thence equal 67.7% of those to suffer, is a moot point.  Either way we are facing the equivalent of a
            pandemic.  I was invited to present a
            lecture at Brighton University recently and one Doctor commented on a +60%
            foetal birth rate damage from exposed farm animals.  All mammalian species will of course suffer
            the same consequence resulting from low-level microwave irradiation.  There is very little difference
  ‘biologically’ between our embryonic cells.
   I invite the Reader to peruse my
            diagram and / or read my simple explanation concerning the microwaving of the
            ovarian follicles in schoolgirls.
                 
             Simple
            Explanation
   Imagine you are five years old, in
            school and sitting with a wi-fi laptop near your abdomen.  Theoretically, your ovaries can become
            irradiated until you leave school at aged 16-18 years old.  When you become pregnant, every one of your
            follicles (to become eggs) will have been microwaved.  Hence, you may or may not deliver a healthy
            child.
   Should you become a pregnant as a
            student, your embryo (for its first 100 days – if it is female) is producing
            approximately 400,000 follicles (within its ovaries) for future child-birth.
   The problem is that these developing
            follicle cells do not have the cellular protection of mature adult cells.  Consequently your ‘Grandchild’ may have had
            every single follicle cell irradiated and damaged prior to its conception.  Therefore when your child becomes an adult
            (with its irradiated follicles) there is a greater likelihood of its child
            (your Grand-daughter) suffering the ailments previously mentioned, during
            conception / embryonic and foetal development stages.
   Beyond
            Belief
   The shocking truth is, not only was
            all of this known and documented long before wi-fi was ever put in front of
            children, but the dangerous biological effects were concealed (as they are to
            this day) from the general public, in order to protect the industries profit.
                 Professor Goldsmith writes:
                 “.....effects from exposure to RF radiation in certain populations:
            reproductive effects.....increased spontaneous abortion.....increased incidence
            of childhood and other cancers.....” (1)
   Confirming this with more than 2000
            references is the Naval Medical Research Institute in their document:  ‘Bibliography of Reported Biological
            Phenomena (Effects) and Clinical Manifestations Attributed to Microwave and
            Radio-Frequency Radiation’ highlight ‘......Altered Menstrual Activity /
            Altered Foetal Development.....’ (4)
   The World Health Organization’s
  ‘International Symposium’ Research Agreement No. 05-609-04 ‘Biological Effects
            and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation’ emphasizes in its 350 pages:  Biological effects, health and excess mortality
            from artificial irradiation of Radio Frequency Microwaves.  Section 28 deals with problems concerning
            Reproductive Function.
   This document was classed as ‘Top
            Secret’ and its contents withheld by WHO and ICNIRP (International Commission
            on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). (5)
   Eldon Byrd, a scientist for the Naval
            Surface Weapon Centre of the US Navy, in one of his 1986 lectures on the
            effects of low-level microwaves, is referenced as stating:
             ‘.....we can alter the behaviour of cells, tissue.....cause up to six
            times higher foetus mortality and birth defects....’. (6)
   Finally, the Mobile
            Telecommunications Industry carried out a very thorough and exhaustive
            scientific study on its own product.  This industries conclusion was:
   Sec. 7 “.....it can be concluded that
            electro-magnetic fields with frequencies in the mobile telecommunications range do play a role in the development of cancer.”
   “.....Direct
            damage on the DNA as well as influences on the DNA
              synthesis and DNA repair mechanisms.....” (7)
   (Note I have underscored the relevant words
            here.)
                 
             Note:  DNA synthesis is essential for healthy
            embryonic / foetal / child’s growth.
   
             With
            these few of the roughly 8000 research articles showing this phenomena; in
            order to protect this industries’ profit, the United States Defence
            Intelligence Agency sent a ‘document’ to ‘advanced nations’ describing the
            problem and suggesting ‘how to deceive the public’.
   
             It read:
                 “.....if
            the more advanced nations of the West are strict in the enforcement of stringent
            exposure standards, there could be unfavourable effects on industrial
            output.....exposed to microwave radiation below thermal levels experience
            more.....” (8)
   
             NB:  Industrial output is of course...profit.  A very relaxed exposure standard also makes
            it very difficult to take the industry to court.
                 
             This (and
            two other documents with ref. 8) then continues to list many physiological and
            neurological dangers from low-level: below thermal, microwave irradiation inc:
            blood disorders, heart problems, psychiatric symptoms and ‘menstrual
            disorders’.
   
             *Wi-fi
            is of course, below thermal low-level microwave irradiation.*
   
             In order
            to appease the US Government, some Governments adopted the ICNIRP guideline,
            whereby, the only safety limit is just six-minutes of warming.  Which means:  if you do not feel too warm in six minutes, wi-fi is deemed to be safe.
   
             No
            consideration at all has been given to the published ‘below thermal’ cellular
            interaction as listed by several countries including the United States; which
            were (and are) known to cause: cancer, severe neuropathological symptoms,
            foetal defects and literally hundreds of illnesses related to cellular
            disorders.
   
             Countries
            following ICNIRP continue to argue that their six minute warming effect is all
            that is required regarding microwave irradiation.
                 
             Should
            the Reader be wondering whether I am ‘as mad as a box of frogs’ and thinking
  ‘no government would ever harm its citizens for money, especially pregnant
            women’; I invite the Reader to investigate Government decisions behind:  smoking, asbestos, BSE (mad-cow disease),
            lead in petrol, experiments on 20,000 UK serving military personnel serving in
            the 1960’s, thalidomide and of course Agent Orange sprayed over the food crops
            in Vietnam.  To this day, many global
            birth defects stem from these Government / Government Scientific / Military
            decisions: with industrial
              advisors.
   
             If
            further evidence is required, I invite the Reader to read documents released
            under the Freedom of Information Act; namely, Operations: Pandora, MK Ultra, MK
            Chaos, Cointelpro, MK Delta, MK Naomi, MK Search, Bluebird, Artichoke, Chatter,
            Sleeping Beauty and Grill Flame.
                 
             Here,
            secret experiments carried out by the Military / Government scientists upon
            unsuspecting civilians, namely: students, servicemen, psychiatric patients,
            poor, children over the age of 4 years, pregnant women, Muslims, Catholics,
            prisoners, handicapped, deaf, blind, homosexuals, single women, elderly, school
            children, ‘marginal groups’ and dissidents; served to increase their knowledge
            and understanding of; what is commonly known as...Stealth Warfare.
   
             Progress
            on the study of illnesses caused by low-level microwave irradiation continues
            to this day.  One current study on cancer
            and neurological harm continues until 2018 and involves women who could be
            pregnant. (9)
   
             Progress
            Reports are also fed back to Governmental Scientists:
                 
             “.....students
            will understand the nature of RF...bioeffects research, including human /
            animal studies.....students will become familiar with current state of
            knowledge on potential health effects RF, such as cancer, memory loss, and
            birth defects.” (10)
   
             NB:  RF has become a generic term (Radio
            Frequency) to avoid using the term ‘microwave’.  It poses less ‘safety queries’ as the word ‘radio’ itself, which used to
            refer to ‘long wave radio’ was domestically non threatening.
   
             Intentional Ignorance
                     Governmental
            Intransigence forces a moratorium upon the risks of exposure to future
            generations.  Both the Communications
            Industry and Governmental studies have proved that protein synthesis (the using
            of chemical structures to ‘build’ the roughly 4050 foetal and 4500 adults
            designated biological / neurological structures) can be influenced by low-level
            microwave irradiation.  This moratorium
            seems to spread to organizations either relying on Governmental funding, or for
            whatever reason; acquiescence.  However,
            not all research departments suppress the truth.
   
             A
            brilliant paper published by Dundee University confirms that low-level
            microwave irradiation, unable to cause any heating (thermal) effect, can affect
            cellular signalling processes. (11)
                 
             The Main Risks to Children
             These
            biological processes described as being ‘influenced’ by low-level microwave
            irradiation may not just damage foetal growth; relying on the same biological
            processes are:
   
             Blood Brain Barrier – requires 18 months to form and protects
            the brain from toxins.  It is known to be
            effected.
   Myelin Sheath – requires 22 years to build its 122 layers.  It is responsible for all thinking, organ and
            muscle processes.
                 Brain – requires 20 years to develop (I can assure you,
            cell phones do not help in its development).
                 Immune System – requires 18 years to develop.  Bone marrow and Bone Density are known to be
            affected by low-level microwaves as are the immune systems’ white blood cells.
   Bones – requires 28 years to develop – as mentioned the
            moisture content of children makes both the ‘soft bones’ and marrow
            particularly attractive to microwave irradiation.  Bone marrow produces blood cells.
   
             Clearly,
            our decision makers are overlooking a child illness pandemic hitherto unknown
            in our 40,000 generations of civilization; which can involve over a half of the
            World’s exposed mothers / children.
   
             The Very Sad Truth
             I have
            been very honoured to address approximately 40 Royals, Governments, Leaders of
            Governments, Leaders of Peoples and Government Officials over the years.
                 
             My
            address (text) to one King concerning the numbers of ill children was placed on
            the internet. (12)
                 
             I
            referenced over 200 cancer / leukaemia clusters in schools (up to the time of
            data collection) from low level microwave transmitters in schools.  There were many different types of cancers,
            leukaemias, miscarriages and breast cancers of staff.  These continue, mostly only recorded locally,
            to this day.
   
             When this
            was discussed in the English Parliament (as one of the EU Countries involved),
            a Minister dismissed it and lied to the House of Commons.  My request to prove this lie was denied.
   
             Possibly,
            the most respected children’s charity in the World: UNICEF, joined forces with
            the World’s leading authority on the effects of harm from low-level microwave
            irradiation:
   
             The
            Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection: in their
            research document ‘Health Effect on Children and Teenagers’ found;
   
                         85% increase in Central Nervous
            System Disorders
                             36% increase in epilepsy
                 11% increase in mental retardation
                 82% increase in blood immune disorders and Risk to Foetus. (13)
                 
             NB.  The Reader may think that the cell phone
            irradiation is different from wi-fi as it has more power.  In fact wi-fi can be more harmful
            because of its lower power!  Low power
            can enter the body and cause harm.  All
            electromagnetic waves are accumulative.  If they are below the body’s threshold to cause activation of the
            necessary proteins required to defend and repair tissues, the damage
            accumulates very slowly and is undetectable like a cancer.  Think of sunbathing on a cloudy day, you can
            still burn your skin.
   
             The Good Guys
             I have a list of nine
            countries (some of whom I am working with) who are actively, either taking
            wi-fi out of schools or in the legal argument-stage of this process.  I decline to publically name these countries
            as my actions may interfere with their legal negotiations.
   
             The Parliamentary Assembly
            (Assemblee Parlimentaire) Council of Europe Document 12608, published on
            6.5.2011 in section 8.3.2. states:
                 
             ‘.....ban all mobile phones, DECTphones or Wi-Fi or WLAN systems from classrooms and
            schools.....’
   
             For legal reasons this had to
            be changed to a ‘wired system is preferred’.  However, the meaning is clear.
   
             In a translated document,
            Professor Yuri Grigoriev of the Russian Committee for Non Ionizing Radiation
            Protection wrote on 19.6.2012
                 
             ‘.....recommend
            the use of wired networks and not networks using the wireless broadband access
            systems, including wi-fi, in schools and educational establishments.’
   
             A document dated 25.3.2013
            (updated from 19.3.2013) by the Executive Committee of the American Academy of
            Environmental Medicine wrote a letter to the Los Angeles Unified School
            District with the following recommendation:
                 
             ‘.....do not add
            to the burden of public health by installing blanket wireless internet
            connections in Los Angeles Schools.’
   
             Just prior to this in
            December 2012 the American Academy of Pediatrics (representing 60,000
            Paediatricians) wrote to Congress requesting more protection from low-level
            microwave irradiation for children and pregnant women:  with regard to wi-fi in schools, they write:
   
             ‘.....this is an
            unprecedented exposure with unknown outcome on the health and reproductive
            potential of a generation.’ (14)
   
             In 2002, 36,000 Physicians
            and Scientists etc. signed the ‘Freiburg Appeal’.  Ten years hence, it has been
            re-launched.  It specifically warns
            against the use of Wi-fi and the irradiation of children, adolescents and
            pregnant women.  ‘Freiburg’ is an
            International Doctors’ Appeal.
   
             The
            Reader will appreciate that collectively there are approximately 100,000 of the
            World’s most knowledgeable professionals expostulating this same warning.
   
             As an
            aside, should the Reader be wondering why I have not mentioned school-boys and
            whether they can be affected in a similar way to girls:  the answer is ‘yes’.
   
             DNA sperm
            fragmentation from wi-fi levels of irradiation, have been published. (15)  It would require many more pages to comment
            upon this phenomenon and there is already a plethora of data both available and
            published.
   
             Pulsing / Modulations
             During the ‘Cold War’ conflict, whilst I
            was collating effects from microwave pulses / modulations caused by brain
            entrainment, resonance (both cyclotronic and circadian), rectification (at
            boundaries within the body) generated by electrically induced phase transition;
            it came to my attention that a list needed to be published for all microwave
            communication systems. (16)
                 In this Open Letter, I list 1 to 40 Hz
            (pulses / modulations per second) and their corresponding neurological /
            physiological response.
                 In his most explanatorily descriptive
            paper, Dr. Andrew Goldsworthy writes.....
                 ‘.....For
            example, Grigoriev et. Al. (2010) showed that 30 days exposure to unmodulated
            2450 MHz microwave radiation triggered a small but significant increase in
            anti-brain antibodies in the blood of rats.....which could then result in an
            auto immune attack on the brain and / or nervous system.  An example of an auto immune disease of the
            brain is Graves disease in which the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain)
            is affected.’ (17)
   NB. 2450 M Hz is the wi-fi frequency.
                 If you add the pulse / modulation frequency
            to the above; fatigue, depression, psychiatric problems (such as anger), loss
            of appetite and problems with movement can also be induced.
                 The
            Bad Guys
   With gargantuan profits to be made, it is
            of no surprise that the English Parliamentary system choose to follow ICNIRP
            and their well established ‘Active Denial’ policy.
   I became familiar with our ‘corruption’
            when during the late 60’s – 70’s, I was commissioned to investigate (under a
            programme initiated by Sir William Melvin (1911)) corruption within the
            hierarchy of the London Metropolitan Police and the non-elected Members of the
            English Parliament.  Should the Reader be
            dismissive of such actions, I suggest looking at any of our Sunday newspapers
            over the past 45 years, including now.
   When a Reverend lady wrote to a Minister,
            Nick Gibb MP, concerning Wi-fi in schools, his standard reply (which I have
            seen many times) stated:
                             “.....advice given.....by UK Health
            Protection Agency..... ‘There is no consistent evidence of health effects from
            RF exposures below guideline levels and no reason why schools and others should
            not use Wi-fi equipment.” (18)
   
             This
            letter is designed to deceive (and it is very successful).  Look to the words ‘no consistent
            evidence’.  Let me explain please.
   
             If I were
            to carry out an experiment on every single person who went through the doors of
            your main airport on any busy day and told them that they must drink one pint
            of beer and smoke ten cigarettes a day forever; some would react immediately,
            especially children.  Others would react
            over days, weeks, months and years (many years in some cases).  Then there would be those who would
            thoroughly enjoy the experiment and probably never be ill.  That does not mean that alcohol and
            cigarettes are safe.  It shows that
            people are not homogenous (all alike / identical).  In other words, the conclusion of my
            experiment would be that there is: ‘no consistent evidence’.
   
             Other
            Ministerial letters usually say:  “most of our research” or “most of our scientists” – both of which
            are equally meaningless.
   
             What they
            never say is:  Wi-fi is safe.
   
             It will
            come as no surprise to the Reader to learn that I have been refused permission
            to have a face-to-face meeting with my MP, Mr Mel Stride.  Hence my Member of Parliament has
            successfully brought the ‘shutters down’ on any access I may have had to
            Government.  This act by Mr Stride became
            a ‘feature’ in our West Country newspaper by leading Journalist Paul James.
            (19)
   
             During my
            last attempt to contact my MP, his Secretary, Dominic just hung-up the
            telephone on me.
                 
             Years
            ago, when I started to ‘advise caution’ re microwaving children / pregnant
            women; the Academic Registrar of my own University (Exeter) forbade me from
            ever communicating with it, ever again.  A similar message came from Dr. Jamie Harle of the Open University (Medical
            Physics), who said:  “Your work is too political.”
   
             Clearly
            in England, some universities and some parliamentary persons are more afraid of
            governmental ‘reprisals’ than telling the truth.  Regardless of the consequences.
   
             Two Womens’ Stories
             The
            Real Price of Intentional Ignorance and Greed.  Those Consequences.
   
             Ten
            telephone calls a day would not be unusual for me.  I even receive calls Christmas Day / Easter
            Sunday.  Two calls which summarize those
            from women are illustrated below.  Both
            are actual conversations.
   
             
            
            i)                    
            
            “.....my
              daughter had just died. I am holding her hand.  She has just had her 11th birthday and she was number 11 to
              die since the transmitter for Wi-fi was put near her and others’ desk.....”
   
            
            ii)                  
            
            “.....my child is one of several with cancer
              / birth genetic problems.  These only
              started after the transmitter was turned on.  My worries are two-fold and take every second of my life.  Will my child ever marry or find a partner
              and be happy?  What will happen when I
              die?  I know I will die worrying.  Regardless of who is to blame, it is me, the
              Mother who carries guilt and responsibility.....” (20)
   
             I Ask for Readers’ Help, Please.
             
             Imagine
            57.7% of all of the schoolgirls with Wi-fi in their classrooms: all day – all
            year – all through their school career, in every country using it, in the
            World!
   
             In just
            two generations we could have more dead / sick infants than resulted from both
            World Wars. And, these are not my figures, they come from Government advisors /
            research.
                 
             Advanced
            requests for this ‘Paper’ have been received from Royalty, Governmental
            Officers (outside of the UK) and people I will describe as ‘interesting’.
   
             As
            shutters fall blocking every direction I try to turn, I ask:  “Can
              the Reader succeed in preventing this ‘Pandemic’ where I will fail?”
   
             I have
            two requests:
                 
             
            
            i)                    
            
            Would
              a Royal or Leading Governmental Official please ask the British Prime Minister,
              face to face, why he told my MP, Mr Stride, that he is ‘too busy’ to see me for
              just one hour to discuss this issue.
   
            
            ii)                  
            
            If
              every Reader sends just two copies of this Paper to people who may be able make
              a decision (preferably influential women); with mathematical progression – the
              original 100 advanced requests will soon land on a desk of somebody who can
              make a difference.
   
             International Challenge
             
             When I am
            invited to speak in countries, I invariably end up on the radio / TV news /
            documentary channels.  Thence, I issue a
            challenge:
   
             I ask for
            any scientist(s) from industry / government to ‘humiliate’ me live ‘on-air’
            with their expert knowledge by answering one question:
   
             “What is the safe level of microwave
            irradiation for the ovarian follicles during the first 100 days development of
            the embryo?”
   
             To date,
            not a single scientist will appear and face me.
                 
             I mention
            this because it is a question the Reader can ask any decision maker, school
            Principal / Governor etc.
                 
             Should
            any person provide the answer, the next statement is:
                 
             “Fine – we will send it to a Leading
            Scientific Journal for independent Peer Review.” (With your research).  (21)
   
             The Solution
             
             Education
            need not suffer if Wi-fi is withdrawn world-wide.  We have telephone lines – fibre-optic cable.
   
             The
            argument against these options is the cost.  Compared to the future medical costs (forgetting the human cost), phone
            / fibre-cable shows to be a very cheap option.
   
             Thank
            you.
                 
             Barrie Trower
                   3 Flowers Meadow
                   Liverton
                   Devon TQ12 6UP
                   United Kingdom
                   
             In UK - 01626 821014
                   World – 00 44 1626 821014
                   
            
            
          
           One Reader may be the person who achieves more to help humanity than
                              any other modern day individual.
                                   
             
             
             September 1st 2013
                 
             (This Paper
            is copyright free)
                 
             Epilogue
                     Please note – I have
            always worked free of charge and will represent any person in the world without
            cost.                                                                               PLEASE SEE ADDENDUM
   
             Addendum – Recent Publications
             Professors’
            / Doctors’ Panagopoulos, Johnasson and Carlo describe in their (June 2013
            Published) Paper – how man-made electromagnetic waves (as used in the
            communications industry) can cause interference, hence induced oscillations,
            from these polarized waves.  This in
            turn, can induce biological alterations and render the SAR (Specific Absorption
            Rate) obsolete.
   They
            write:
                 
            
            ·                    
            
            Man-made electromagnetic
              waves...they are polarized...
               
            
            ·                    
            
            ....can produce
              interference effect...This induced oscillation will be most intense on the free
              particles which carry a net electric charge...a part of its energy...is
              transferred to the charged / polar molecules of the medium...within biological
              tissue there will be additional energy absorption by the water
              dipoles...proteins, lipids or nucleic acids, which will also be forced to
              oscillate by the applied field.
   
            
            ·                    
            
            ...man-made EMF’s can
              produce severe biological alterations such as DNA damage without heating the
              biological tissue...may lead to cancer, neurodegenerative deceases,
              reproductive declines or even heritable mutations...conductivity varies for
              different tissues and different field frequencies..The relative permittivity of an adult brain is calculated to be
              around 40 while the corresponding value for a young child’s brain is between 60
              and 80 resulting in almost double the radiation absorption and SAR...
   
            
            ·                    
            
            ...SAR offers no
              information at all with respect to frequency, waveform or modulation... (Ref (22))
   Dr
            Dimitris Panagopoulos, Dep. of Biology, University of Athens also writes in his
            2013 paper:  Electromagnetic Interaction
            Between Environmental Fields and Living Systems Determines Health and Well
            Being:
   
            
            ·        
            
            Disturbances in the
              communication between individual body clocks can desynchronize the circadian
              system, which in turn may lead to unwellness, chronic fatigue, decreased
              performance, obesity, neuropsychiatric disorders, and the development of
              different diseases... 
   
            
            ·        
            
            ...endogenous electrical
              balance in living organisms cannot occur in the presence of unnatural –
              man-made – electromagnetic pollution..... GSM mobile phone radiation is found
              to cause DNA damage on insect reproductive cells (gametes) and adversely affect
              reproduction for intensities down to 1 microwatt per centimetre squared after
              only a few minutes exposure..... (Ref (23))
   References
                     
             
                   
             
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